Guest talk by Eric Daniel Glowacki, Brno University, Czech RepublicMinimalistic approaches to transcutaneous neurostimulation: 1) deep-red light power transfer; 2) interference of high-frequency electric fields
Great demand exists for minimally-invasive neuromodulation technologies to enable next-generation bioelectronic medicine. This talk covers two emerging methods that our group has been working on in the past several years.
1) We report on our developments of ultrathin (opto)electronic devices which can be implanted at a peripheral or central nervous system target, and then addressed with far red/near infrared irradiation. Our flagship technology is the organic electrolytic photocapacitor (OEPC) - a device that mimics biphasic current-pulse neurostimulation and thus transduces an optical signal into directly-evoked action potentials in neurons. These devices are not only wireless, but also 100-1000 times thinner than existing technologies. We will discuss examples of chronic implants capable of stimulating peripheral nerves or the cortical surface. [Refs. 1-6].
2) Transcutaneous/transcranial electrical stimulation is severely limited by the high impedance of the skin, preventing safe and comfortable charge injection into desired stimulation targets. We report the use of multiple high-frequency carrier waves (f > 3000 Hz) which encounter much lower tissue impedance and have higher current thresholds for eliciting painful sensations. By introducing low-frequency offsets, these high-frequency carriers can interfere and create amplitude-modulated beats which results in a signal capable of stimulating nervous tissue at impressive depths below the skin or skull.[7] I will discuss recent applications to target peripheral nerves in experimental animals and human applications, namely hypoglossal nerve stimulation for treatment of sleep apnea.[8]
[1] Ejneby, M. S. et al. Chronic electrical stimulation of peripheral nerves via deep-red light transduced by an implanted organic photocapacitor. Nat. Biomed. Eng. (2022) doi:10.1038/s41551-021-00817-7.
[2] Jakešová, M. et al. Optoelectronic control of single cells using organic photocapacitors. Sci. Adv. 5, eaav5265 (2019).
[3] Missey, F., Botzanowski, B., Migliaccio, L. & Acerbo, E. Organic electrolytic photocapacitors for stimulation of the mouse somatosensory cortex. J. Neural Eng. 18, 066016 (2021).
[4] Donahue, M. et al. Wireless optoelectronic devices for vagus nerve stimulation in mice. J. Neural Eng. 19, 066031 (2022).
[5] Botzanowski, B. et al. Noninvasive Stimulation of Peripheral Nerves using Temporally‐Interfering Electrical Fields. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 2200075, 2200075 (2022).
[6] Missey, F. et al. Obstructive Sleep Apnea Improves with Non-invasive Hypoglossal Nerve Stimulation using Temporal Interference. Bioelectron. Med. 9, 18 (2023).
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